台湾地区“奢侈税”政策简介

我国台湾地区的特种货物及劳务税(即俗称的奢侈税)是一种带有很强社会经济调节功能的消费税。本文在介绍台湾地区特种货物及劳务税基本情况的基础上,对大陆通过消费税政策调控经济提出了几点建议。     

Boxing and Martial Arts Company,A Tax Case

A tax case is developed examining a private Canadian sports company. This case simulates a real‐world start‐up company in the area of Canadian Controlled Private Corporation taxation. The client, Boxing and Martial Arts Co., is a medium‐sized, rapidly growing sports promotion business. It operates in an environment where cash payments are common, especially towards foreign workers. Students must research issues involving tax deductions and revenue recognition. The learning objectives include: reinforcing taxation concepts that most students learn in introductory courses (i.e., revenue recognition, allowable business expenses) as well as improving students’ tax research skills for more complex issues (e.g., international tax treaties).     

Effects of Advice on Effectiveness and Efficiency of Tax Planning Tasks

Supervisory advice is generally given to tax professionals in public accounting firms before they commence tax planning tasks. The objectives of giving advice are to achieve effectiveness and efficiency in tax planning, as well as for training tax professionals. An experiment with 54 tax professionals, from accounting firms across Canada, was conducted to determine the effects of supervisory advice on effectiveness and efficiency in performing tax planning tasks of different complexity. Advice results in lower effectiveness in lower‐complexity tasks, as evidenced by more technically inadequate tax plans, signs of confusion and overdetermined solutions (i.e., unnecessary information in the tax plans). In higher‐complexity cases, the results suggest a limited improvement in effectiveness, as evidenced by more technically adequate plans, but at a cost of limiting insightful judgment. On the other hand, advice results in limited gains in efficiency for both the lower and higher‐complexity tasks. This study extends the advice and tax literatures by investigating the role of advice in the performance of tax planning tasks of different complexity, which has not been examined in other research. This study also contributes to tax practice, as public accounting firms should consider the limited gains in efficiency with the decrease in effectiveness for lower‐complexity tasks and the potential to limit insightful judgment for higher complexity tasks. The results of this study suggest that firms face trade‐offs in achieving efficiency, effectiveness and the training objective.     

碳税对中国产业与地区竞争力的影响：基于CO2排放责任的视角

基于2007年中国区域间投入产出表,本文从生产者责任与消费者责任两个方面考察了中国不同地区、不同产业的CO2排放情况,并分析了两方面征收碳税对各地区以及相关产业竞争力影响的差异。研究表明,中国也存在着从东南沿海等相对发达地区向西北、东北等欠发达地区的“碳泄漏”现象。因此,与从生产者责任方征税相比,从消费者责任方征收碳税,可以较大幅度地减轻对西北、东北等欠发达地区及相关产业竞争力带来的负面影响,同时又不致使东南沿海经济发达地区及相关产业的额外负担上升幅度过大。本研究的政策启示是,在进行区域与产业CO2排放责任分担时,不能仅仅停留在生产者责任方面,需要同时引入消费者的责任,这既符合责任分担的公平性要求,也能够协调各方利益,达到最佳减排效果。     

流转税改革是否优化了国民收入分配格局？

本文在考察新一轮财税改革基础上,根据1995～2013年省际数据,运用面板向量自回归（PVAR）模型,考察“营改增”对我国国民收入分配格局的影响。研究结果表明,基于“营改增”视角的新一轮财税改革优化了国民收入分配格局,一方面,流转税改革提高了居民和企业部门在国民收入分配中的所得份额;另一方面,流转税改革降低了政府部门在国民收入分配中的所得份额。同时,重点考察了“营改增”对国民收入分配格局变动的贡献程度。最后,依据本文的计量分析结果,提出优化国民收入分配格局的政策建议。     

Determinants of tax haven utilization: evidence from Australian firms

This paper examines the major determinants of tax haven utilization based on a sample of 200 publicly listed Australian firms, over the 2006–2010 period (1,000 firm‐years). Our regression results show that variables relating to transfer pricing, intangible assets, an interaction term between transfer pricing and intangible assets, withholding taxes, performance‐based management remuneration and multinationality are positively associated with tax haven utilization. We also find that corporate governance structures are negatively associated with tax haven utilization. The magnitude and significance of the regression coefficients indicate that transfer pricing, withholding taxes, intangible assets, an interaction term between transfer pricing and intangible assets, corporate governance and multinationality are the most important drivers of tax haven utilization.     

Taxes and Financial Constraints: Evidence from Linguistic Cues

Using a new measure of financial constraints based on firms’ qualitative disclosures, we find that financially constrained firms—firms that use more negative words in their annual reports—pursue more aggressive tax planning strategies as evidenced by: (1) higher current and future unrecognized tax benefits, (2) lower short‐ and long‐run current and future effective tax rates, (3) increase in tax haven usage for their material operations, and (4) higher proposed audit adjustments from the Internal Revenue Service. We exploit the unexpected closures of local banks as exogenous liquidity shocks to show that firms’ external financial constraints affect their tax avoidance strategies. Overall, the linguistic cues in firms’ qualitative disclosures provide incremental information beyond traditional accounting variables or commonly used effective tax rates to reveal and predict tax aggressiveness, both contemporaneously and in the future.     

Don't Tax Me? Determinants of Individual Attitudes Toward Progressive Taxation

This contribution empirically analyzes the individual determinants of tax rate preferences. For that purpose, we use representative survey data from the German General Social Survey, which offers information on attitudes toward progressive, proportional and regressive taxation. On the basis of theoretical considerations, we explore the factors which, beyond an individual's financial interest, should drive preferences for progressive taxation. Our empirical results confirm that the narrow redistributive self‐interest does not offer the sole explanation of the heterogeneity in individual attitudes. Rather, we show that the choice of the favored tax rate is also driven by fairness considerations and beliefs on the role of effort for economic success.     

论微观经济基础下增值税转型的理想选择

本文从微观经济角度研究理想状态下企业对不同类型增值税的选择.研究表明,理想状态下,收入型与消费型增值税对企业利润的影响无差异且优于生产型增值税;而不同类型增值税对企业净现金流的影响优化排序是消费型、收入型、生产型,且生产型增值税的价外计税方法优于价内计税方法.总之,消费型增值税是企业的理想选择.     

中国外贸进出口对税收的影响：理论与实证

对外贸易对中国的税收有怎样的影响?回答这一问题，对制定贸易政策有重要的现实意义。本文对1-2-3模型进行修正，将总产出区分为4种具有不同税收特征的产品，构建相应的税收模型，从理论上分析了对外贸易对税收有正面的影响。实际测算显示，一般贸易出口每增加1元人民币，会相应带动当年税收增加0．4～0．5元人民币。通过对季度数据的Granger因果检验和向量误差修正模型分析，本文发现出口增加对税收有持续的正面影响。